RADIO AND ELECTRICTY MILESTONES TIME LINE

Lightning is the earliest known manifestation type of electricity. In the reality it is an atmosferic phenomenon, which occurs when a thundercloud moves over the Earth's surface, an equal but opposite charge is induced in the Earth below, and the induced ground charge follows the movement of the cloud. Since the beginning of mankind was created dramatic legends accounting for such natural occurance and thus expressing astonishment and perplexity when the prolific man’s imagination honors its majesty and certainly all its consequences.
From the Roman mithology one’s has the ligthning protector, the goddess Fulgora, in this beautiful style type picture designed by the artist Josephine Maisonet.

Courtesy Josephine Maisonet
artist@josephinemaisonet.com
DATE
PARTICIPANT
WORK
COUNTRY
RELATED HISTORICAL EVENT
540 aC
Thales of Miletus
Attemps to explain the nature of the attraction of amber
and loadstone by friction. He named the terms: Electricity and Electron.
Greece
Cyrus emperor of Persia conquered Babylonia and Assyria.
300 dC
- - - - -
The compass may have been invented.
China
Dinasty of Eastern Ts’in.
1269
Peter Peregrinus
Philosopher and engineer in the army of Charles of Anjou describe a primitive type of compass.
France
The Charles of Anjou’s army sized City of Lucera.
1550
Jerome Cardan
He clearly defined the differences in the attractions of Amber and lodestone.
Milan - Italy
Portestantism was introduced in England.
1600
William Gilbert
Inventend the electroscope suggests that the earth has the property of a magnet and published his boo: “De Magnete”.
England
East India company established in England.
Thales of Miletus, early Greek philosopher, attempts to explain the nature of the attractions of amber and lodestone.
1650
Otto Von Guericke
Invented the electostatic machine.
Germany
End of the Thirty years war.
1720
Charles François Du Fay
Discovery the two types of
Electricity.
France
France / England / Austria coalition won the war against Spain.
1740
E.G. Von Kleist Pieter Van Musschenbroek
Independentely discovere the principle of the Leiden jar
Germany / Holland
Foundation of the first Masonic Lodge in Germany.
1760
Benjamin Franklin
Invented the ligthning rod, expounds his single-fluid theory of electricity and proposes the use of positive and negative designations.
USA
Canada is under the Bristish domain.
Benjamin Franklin, American statesman, philosopher and inventor and signer of the Declaration of Independence of the USA. During one of his famous experiments with a kite discovered the lightning was an electrical discharge. Franklin’s first studies concerned the peculiar electrical properties of points, quickly leading him to the invention of the lightning rod.

1780
Charles Augustin De Coulomb
He proves the inverse square law for charges and magnetic poles.
France
Austria’ emperor Joseph II kingdom
1785
Luigi Galvani
He put forth in his theory of animal electricity discovering that electricity is a current.
Italy
Verona academy of science foundation
1800
Alessandro Volta
He invented the voltaic pile
Italy
Napolean war in Italy
1801
Humphrey David
In his experiments he produced the electric arc.
England
Great-Britain and Ireland found the United Kingdom
The compass may have been invented in China around 300 A.D. It was one of the first ancient devices able to detect the terretrial magnetism. The compass was responsible for the beginning of the great navigation started with the pioneering efforts of The School of Sagres in Portugal.
1810
André Marie Ampère
He was responsible for many important discoveries based in magnets and the electro-magnet the basis of telegraph. He coined tyher term electrodynamic.
France
Napoleon married the Autrian Marie Louise.
1820
Dominique François Jean Arago
He was responsible for many important discoveries based in magnets and the electro-magnet the basis of telegraph. He coined tyher term electrodynamic.
France
1823
Thomaz Seebeck
He discovers the thermal electromotive force - emf.
Germany
The kindgdom of Charles X in France.
1823
Charles Babbage
Invented the first mechanical calculator as known as difference engine.
England
France declares state of war against Mexico.
1830
Hans Christian Oersted
Descobre a relação entre a eletricidade e o magnetismo.
Denmark
Belgium becomes independent.
1830
Wilhelm Weber Karl Gauss
They invented an electromagnnetic telegraph system.
Germany
France occupied Algeria.
1832
George Simon Ohm
He found the law that regulate the flow of electricity in a conductor, or Ohm’s law where a a current flowing in any closed circuit is proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to resistnace of the wire, or I= E/R.
Germany
Beginning of the labor laws and union in England.
1840
Samuel Finley Breese Morse
Inventor of the telegraph, which officially was put into use on a line between Baltimore and Washington.
USA
Mexico-USA war for the Texas territory.
1842
Alexander Bain
He invented a type of telegraphy, which could transmitt simple drawings.
Scotland
The Opium War between China and England.
1848
Frederick Bekewell
He invented one of the first systems of fac-similie.
England
1850
Giovani Caselli
Inventor of the pantelegraph an improved version of Alexander Bain’s fac-similie.
Italy
Publication of the constituition of Naples, Tuscan and Piedmont.
1850
Michael Faraday
He discovered that electricity could be produced by the magnetism.
England
1859
Julius Pflücker
He discovered the cathode rays.
Germany
England gave back to Honduras and Costa Rica the Coast of Mosquitos.
1860
Heinrich Daniel Daniel
Improved the induction coil the fundamental apparatus for electrical experiments.
Germany / France
1860
William Crookes
Inventor of the Crooks tube demonstrated that cathode rays have a momentum and definite energy.
England
1865
James Clerk Maxwell
He publlish his paper on electromagnetic fields, which he predicted the existance of the ether.
Scotland
Assassination of President A. Lincoln in the USA.
1870
William Thompson
He invented the mirror galvanometer and introduced several innovations in the cable telegraphy.
England
Napoleon III was defeated in France.
1870
Shelford Bidwell
He demonstrated an apparatus that was capable of transmistting pictures through the telegraphic lines named as Telephotograph.
England
1873
Willoughby Smith
He discovered the photosensitivy of the Selenium.
England
The foundation of the first Spanish Republic.
1876
Alexander Graham Bell Elisha Gray
They invented the telephone.
USA
Foundation of the German Empire
1877
Elihu Thompson
He boiled water by means of electricity.
USA
1879
Thomaz Alva Edison
He invented the incandescent lamp.
USA
1879
Werner Von Siemens
In the Vienna exhibition, he introduced the first electric railroad.
Germany
1884
Thomaz Alva Edison
A patent was granted for the discovery of the Edison’s effect.
USA
The divorce was declared legal in France
1884
Paul Nipkow
He invented the principle of television by using his scanning disc as known as the Nipkow disc for which a patent was granted.
Pomorskie / Germany
1886
George Westinghouse
He built the first alternating current electrical power plant.
USA
Foundation of the American Federation of Labor.
1887
Heinrich R. Hertz
Through his experiments, the electromagnetic waves could generate and detected at the speed of light.
Germany
1888
Nikolas Tesla
The discovery of the principle of the rotating magnetic field.
Croatia / USA
Abolition of slavery in Brazil
1890
Edouard Branly
He invented one of the first radio wave detetectors – the cohesor - based in the principle of the cohesion of metallic powders.
France
Pope Lion XIII proclaims the encyclical Catholicae Ecclesiae, about the abolition of slavery.
1890
Henry Sutton
He proposed a simple method for the transmission of photographs.
England
1890
William S. Burroughs
He invented the adding and listing machine.
USA
1890
Herman Hollerith
He invented the electromechanical, punched card tabulating machine.
USA
1891
Emile Berliner
He wa granted a patent for a type o microphone. Later he invented the sound reproducing system as know as Gramophone.
Germany / USA
Proclaming of the Brazilian Constitution.
1893
Roberto Landell de Moura
He transmitted by wireless the human voice from a distance of 8 km.
Brazil
The Hawaii is attached to the United States.
1894
Oliver Lodge
He described and demonstrates the first complete wireless sytem.
England
Jose Marti was killed in Cuba
1895
Ernest Rutherford
He invented the magnetic detector of radio frequency.
England
1895
Alexander Popoff
He put into operation one of the first wireless telegraphic station.
Russia
1895
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
He discovered the X-rays.
Germany
1895
Guglielmo Marconi
He transmitted wireless signal from a distance of 2 km.
Italia
1896
Michael Idvorsky Pupin
He discovered the secondary emission of X-rays.
Hungary / USA
Territory affair between Bristish Guiana and Venezuela.
1897
Joseph John Thomson
Discovery of the electron.
England
1901
Guglielmo Marconi
First wireless transmission.
Italia
Edward VII becaome king of England.
1902
Valdemar Poulsen
He invented the arc generator used in wireless telegraphy.
Denmark
The second Pan-American Conference held in Mexico.
1902
Oliver Heaviside
He studied the behavior of the electromagnetic waves in the upper layers of atmosphere.
England
1902
Arthur Korn
He did a publica demonstration of a photoelectric system for transmitting photographies.
Germany
1904
John Ambrose Fleming
He was gratned with the first thermionic diode under the name of Oscillon valve.
England
Russia is defeated by Japan.
1905
Charles Proteus Steinmetz
He discovered the law of Hysteresis.
Germany / USA
The end of Norwegian-Swedish Union.
1906
Greenleaf Whittier Pickard
He invented the radio wave detectors using Siclicon crystal and the Perikon a compund comprising: Zinc Oxide and Chalcopyrite.
USA
Alberto Santos Dumond made the first public flight using a heavier than air aircraft.
1906
Reginald Aubrey Fessenden
Pioneer wireless transmission of music from his radio station located in Brant Rock, USA. He invented the electrolitic radio wave detector and the rotary spark gap generator.
Canada / USA
1907
Karl Ferdinand Braun
He developed the cathode ray tube.
Germany
Nicarágua-Honduras war.
1907
Lee De Forest
He was granted with the patent of the three-element valve – the triode under the name "Audion".
USA
The three-element valve invented by De Forest in 1907, as known as Spherical Audion gave birth to the thermionic valve that was the most flexible component in the electronic industry for over 50 years, opeating as detector, oscillator, rectifier, modulator, and demodulator, etc. This, it can be considered as the symbol of the Electron Age.
1908
Campbell Swinton
He was the first to suggest an all-electronic television system.
England
Charles I was assassinated in Portugal.
1909
Ernst F.W. Alexanderson
He was granted with a patent for the alternator. In the same year he did experiments with a 2kW, 1000.000 cycles alternator.
Sweden / USA
Peary expedition to the North pole.
1910
William David Coolidge
He developed the mettalic ductile Tungsten mandatory for the manufacturing of the incandescent electrical lamp.
USA
The fourth Pan-American coference in Argentina.
1912
Irving Langmuir
He invented the valve using the cathode-filament valve as well as a soldering procedure using the Atomic Hydrogen.
USA
Henry Ford announces the production low cost automobile.
1913
Raymond Alphonsus Heising
He was resposnible for the developmento of the constant-current modulator.
USA
Woodrow Wilson was elected president of the USA.
1915
Hendrik Johannes Van Der Bijl
He developed the modulation circuit used in the historical broadcasting testing through
The USA/Honolulu/Paris
South Africa / USA
World War I
1916
Edwin Howard Armstrong
He invented the regenerative circuit. Later on he invented the superheterodyne circuit and FM.
USA
1917
Albert Wallace Hull
He was responsible for the developemnto of the valve as know as “Dynatron” a true negative-resistance valve.
USA
1917
William Dubilier
He started the serial production of mica capacitors
USA
1920
Frank Conrad
He started the first broadcasting through the radio station KDKA.
USA
The beginning of the Society of the Nations in Geneve, Switzerland.
1920
F.R.Elder/Albert Wallace Hull
They invented the “Magnetron” valve.
USA
1923
Charles Francis Jenkins
He transmitted pictures via radio waves between Washington and Philadelphia.
USA
Calvin Coolidge was elected president of the USA.
1923
Louis Alan Hazeltine
He developed the “Neutrodyne”radio circuit.
USA
1923
Vladimir Kosma Zworykin
He invented the TV tube as know as “Iconoscope” whose patent was granted to him in 1938.
Russia / USA
1926
B.D. H. Tellegan
The invention of the pentode valve.
Holland
The explorer Byrd flies over the North Pole.
1926
Harold A Wheeler
He developed the circuti as known as automatic volume control.
USA
1926
H.Yagi e S. Uda
They developed the antenna system as known as "Yagi".
Japan
1927
Harold S. Black
He developed the negative feedback amplifier.
USA
The first transcontinental fligh between the USA and Europe by Charles Lindberg.
1927
Philo Taylor Farnsworth
The first electronic TV system.
USA
1927
Warner Brothers
The first talking picture, “The Jazz Singer” using the Vitaphone system.
USA
1928
John Logie Baird
The first transatlantic TV transmission from England to the USA.
Scotland
Guatemala declared the new constitution and it was intoduced the voting system.
1928
J.W. Horton
They developed the first quartz-controlled clock.
USA
1929
Harry Ferdinand Olson
He invented the velocity microphone.
USA
The Vatican state was formed.
1931
Vannevar Bush
He finalized the assembling of the differencial analyzer. The forerunner of the modern analog computer.
USA
The republican party won the elections in Spain.
1932
H. de Bellescize
He described the phased-locked loop circuit.
France
Beginning of S.Paulo Constitutionalist Revolution.
1933
M. Knoll E.Ruska
They published an essay explaining the oeprationla principle of the electronic transmission microscope
Germany
Adolf Hitles became chancellor in Germany.
1934
J. Dreyer
He discovered the operational principle of the liquid crystal for which he was granted for a patent also.
England
NAZI dictatorship was installed in Germany.
1935
Russel Harrison Varian
He and his brother invented the valve as know as “Klystron”. A type of thermionic device for producing radio frequency at ultra short wave length.
USA
Occupancy of Rhineland by Germany.
1935
Charles Travis/S.W.Seely
They developed the automatic frequency control circuit.
USA
1935
Robert A Watson-Watt
He made a practical demonstration of the application of “RADAR”.
England
1938
George A. Philbrick
He described the principle of the operational amplifier.
USA
Spanish civil war
1941
Office of Scientific Research Development
Proximity Fuse.
USA
The II World War
1942
Luis Álvares
GCA - Ground Control Approach
USA
1948
B.D.H.Tellegen
Invention of the “gyrator” made unidiretional microwave couplers and inductorsless electric-wave filters possible.
Holland
The nineth Pan-American conference that took place in Colombia.
1948
John Bardeen Walter H. Brattain William Schockley
They developed the point contact transistor.
USA
1948
Peter C. Goldmark
He invented the phonographic disc as know as “Long Playing”.
USA
On July 1st, 1948, the newspaper “The New York Times”, carried a short note about the invention of a small solid-state device, which has several applications in radio where a thermionic valve ordinarily is employed. It was the transistor, a device related with the pioneering mutual work of the physicist William Schockley, John Bardeen e Walter Brattain. Due to its small dimension, weight and low power consumption it soon replaced the thermionic valve. Besides the enormous technological leap the transitor can be considered as the symbol of the Quantun Revolution, as known as the revolution of the micro electronics, as it gave birth of the integrated circuit which led to the modern technology almost an extension of the man’s nervous system.
1949
Radio Corporation of America
Launched in the market the 45-rpm phonographic record.
USA
West Berlin Soviet blocking.
1955
R. W. Gilbert
He developed the dual-slope integrator circuit, which improved so much the alog-digital coversion process.
USA
Juan Domingos Peron is deposed in Argentina.
1956
John Backus Irving Ziller
He develop de computer language - Fortran - as known as Formula Translation.
USA
Juscelino Kubitschek is elected president of Brazil.
1957
Council
Ministers of
USSR
Sputnik 1
The first orbiting artificial satellite launched by the then Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - the USSR.
Russia
The first underwater crossing of the North polar callote by the American submarine Nautilus.
Sputnik 1
1958
Stanislas Teszner
He developed the first junction field effect transistor as known as "Tecnitron".
France / Poland
The U.S. submarine Nautilus makes the first underwater crossing of the icecap.
1958
Leo Esaki
He ivented the tunel diode.
Japan
1958
Fairchild Corporation
It launched in the market the diffused-based transistor, based on the Mesa process.
USA
1959
Jack St. Clair Kilby Robert Noyce
They invented the first integrated circuit.
USA
The opening of the st. chanel between Canada and the USA.
1959
Jean Hoerni
He invented the planar transistor.
USA
1960
Bell Laboratories
It announced the epitaxial process for transitor manufacturing.
USA
Theresearchers Welsh and Pickard by using the submarine "Trieste" reached the marianas cave, one of the earth’s deepest ocean areas.
1960
J.W. Allen P.E. Gibbon
They built the first point-contact gallium phosphide light-emitting diode as known as LED.
England
1960
Theodore Harold Maiman
He invented the first ruby lasing material for coherent light source.
USA
1960
Bell Laboratories
It announced the epitaxial process for transitor manufacturing.
USA
1960
RCA
It launched in the market the “Nuvistor” thermionic valve.
USA
1961
James L. Buie
Developed the logic integrated circuit as known as "TCTL" - transistor - coupled transistor logic.
USA
The US presidente D. Eisenhower ceased diplomatic realtion with Cuba.
1962
Frederic P. Heiman Steven Hofstein
They developed the solid-state device as known as "MOS FET".
USA
The US task forces pressing URSS to accept the evacuation of Russian missiles and military air force bases from Cuba launched sea and air blocakde.
1962
Robert N. Hall
He invented laser using galium arsenide.
USA
1962
Brian David Josephson
He developed the “josephson junction”, a type of electrical circuit that explores the super conductive effect. It is known as the certain materials to conduct the electric current with zero resistance.
England
1963
J.B. Gunn
He invented the Gunn diode.
USA
The foundation of Malasia Federation.
1964
R.L. Johnston e B.C. DeLoach
They invented the “Impatt” diode. An acronym for: microwave-generating impact avalanche transit time diode.
USA
Eduardo Frei is elected president of Chile.
1965
American Space Agency
It launched the first artificial satellite with synchronized orbit for commercial communication application purpose.
USA
Brazilian president João Goulart is ousted.
1966
Philips
It launched in the market the first cassete tape format.
Holland
In China Mao Zedong started the great cultural revolution of the proletariat.
1968
RCA
It developed the crystal liquid display.
USA
The beginning of diplomatic meeting in Paris to cease the Vietanan War.
1969
Bell Laboratories
Reserachers discovred the magnetic bubble phenomenon.
USA
The USA first interplanetary trip to the moon.
1969
Sony Corporation
It launched in the market the VHS - Video Home System.
Japan
1969
American Defense Department
It developed the computer net as known as "ARPANET".
USA
1970
Ray Dolby
The first type of noise supressor circuit.
USA
Salvador Allende was elected president of Chile.
1970
Philips
It launched in the market the first Digital Audio Disc - DAD.
Holland
1970
W.S.Boyle e G.S.Smith
They invented the CCD - Charged Coupled Device.
USA
1971
Ray Tomlimson
He invented the e-mail.
USA
India invaded Pakistan.
1972
Intel
It invented the EPROM, or Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
USA
USA and URSS signed the first non-proliferation nuclear weapon treat.
1977
Raymond V. Damadian
He invented Magnetic Ressonance Image - MRI.
USA
Panama is allowed by the USA to start a progressive control over the channel zone.
1979
Sony Corporation
It invented the walkman.
Japan
Margareth Thatcher, the first woman to assume as prime minister in Great Britain.
1979
Xerox Corporation
It launched the language among computer as known as Ethernet.
USA
1980
Philips-Sony
They launched in the market the first audio compact disc as known as CD.
Holland - Japan
Beguinnig of Iran - Iraq War.
1981
Microsoft
It invented the computer language as known as DOS.
USA
Ronald Reagan is elected president of the USA.
1981
IBM
It invented the first personal computer.
USA
1981
Gerd Karl Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer
They invented the tunnel-scanning microscope.
Germany
1984
Microsoft
The lauching of Windows software.
USA
The end of military dictatorship and the beginning of democracy in Argentina.
1986
J. Georg Bednorz and Karl A. Muller
In a mutual work at IBM laboratories in Swiss, they invented a type of high-temperature super conductor.
Switzerland
Nuclear disaster in the Russian atomic power plant Chernobyl.
1988
Ralph Alessio and Fredrik Olsen
They were granted with a patent for Indiglo™. A type of ligh used for the illumination of the dial of watches.
USA
The longest underwater tunel, with 53 km in length, "Seikan" was inaugurated in Japan.
1989
Microsoft
The launching of the Word software to be used with Windows platform.
USA
Downfall of Berlin wall.
1990
Tymothy Berners-Lee
He invented the internet HTTP and HTML language.
England
Reunification of Germany.
1990
Bell Laboratories
Demonstration of the first all-optical processor.
USA
1991
Ted Tuner
He developed the global information network as known as CNN - Cable News Network.
USA
Persian Golf War.
1992
Linus Torvalds
He developed a new personal computer operational system as known as “Linux Kernel”.
Finland
European countris signed the Maastritch treat to develop the european economic community.
1993
Intel
The launch of the Petium microprocessor.
USA
Terrorist attack to the World Trade Center building in New York.
1993
Marc Andreessen
He developed graphic interface for navigation in the internet as known as "Mosaic".
USA
1994
Microsoft
It launched in the market the version Windows 95
USA
The beginning of the civil war in the province of Chechen.
1995
Disney Studios
The first fully digital annimation film: Toy Story.
USA
Yitzhak Rabin, israelis prime minister was assassinated.
1996
Consortium comprising the companies: Sony, Philips, Toshiba, Timer Warner, Pioneer
They launched in the market the optical storage midia or digital versatile disc or digital video disc as known as DVD.
Diverse origins
England devolved the control of Hong Kong city to China.
1998
Motorola
It launched the artificial
satellite Iridium.
USA
Steve Spilberg was granted with Oscar award by hollywood acedemy of cinema for his film Save Private Ryan.

1999-2000
The millennium bug
 Also known as the millennium bug; it consits of an error in the logical structure of softwares resulting from the practice to overleap the notation of the first two digits of the year in order to save memory. The programmers assumed that the softwares worked with periods starting with 19 only. Thus this caused date-related processing to operate incorrectly for dates and times starting in January 31st 2000.

LEGEND OF THE TABLE

HISTORICAL PERIOD
ANTIQUITY
  
MIDDLE AGE
  
RENAISSANCE
  
ILLUMINISM
  
REVOLUTION AGE
  
LIBERALISM AGE
  
WORLD IN WAR
  
MODERN WORLD