 |
| Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraphic
system. |
The research can be explained as the mind’s effort to understand
unknown relations. It is always requesting patience, apprenticeship
and great ability.
Since its beginning in the ancient days, never the scientific
knowledge acquired through the research work, was so much
used as in the end of ninteenth century, when a generation
of men foresaw the great possibility to use it in the development
of innovations for commercial application purpose.
Thus in 1832, on board of a packet ship in a returning trip
from Europe to the USA, Samuel F.B. Morse met one evening,
a group of men including Dr. Charles T. Jackson of Boston,
who were discussing about the electromagnetism.
 |
| Fig. 286 -Electrical phenomena as magnetic
and eletrical induction discovered by scientific experiments
led to practical application such as the induction motor. |
During the meeting somebody asked Dr. Jackson about the
relationship between the Electricity flux and the length of
the wire. Jackson answered the question and Morse commented
that it might be possible to send messages through wires.
In the USA Morse invented the telegraph and a patent was issued
to him in 1837. Soon the telegraphy became the most reliable
and important mean of communication giving birth to many telegraph
companies all over the world. Fig 285
At the end of XIX century important American inventions like:
the telegraph, the telephone and the phonograph, brought many
europen reserachers to the USA; among them: Nicolas Tesla,
Charles Proteus Steinmetz.
Shortly after his arrival in the USA, Steinmetz started working
for General Electric research laboratories devoting considerable
time in the investigation on magnetism. Through his studies
he discovery of the law
 |
| Fig. 286A - The electrical railroad
system was an application of electricity transmission
over long distance. |
of hysteresis that enable losses of electric power due to
magnetism. He applied mathematics to the phenomenon of alterations,
cycles and phases in a very simple way that the intricate
equations simplified one aspect of the art of designing efficient
electric power-consuming apparatus. Fig 286
In the same time young Serbian mathematician Nikolas Tesla
started a wide range of electrical experiments, giving birth
to several inventions such as: the induction motor, the Tesla
coil as well as new theories on high frequency currents. In
1895 he invented a new method for the generation of electric
power through alternate current allowing its transmission
to long distance.
In the beginning of his life in the USA, Tesla started working
in a research laboratory located in Orange, New Jersey, that
belong to another electrical wizard, the famous Thomaz Alva
Edison. In 1879, a patent was issued to Edison for his electrical
incandescent lamp. It was responsable for the popularization
of the electrical illumination all over the world and so originated
bilionaire investments. Table 1
Through his studies to to improve the quality of the lamp
filament, he discovered the Edison effect, which eventually
led to the thermionic valve, the first reliable amplifier
device for amplifying the feeble electric currents, the base
of the wireless-to-radio revolution.
|
DATE |
THE TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION |
| 1879 |
Electric lamp with handmade
carbonized paper filament. |
| 1880 |
Electric lamp with bamboo filament. |
| 1881 |
Electric lamp with a new base provided
with resin ring to improve mechanical resistance. |
| 1887 |
Electric lamp made by pasting the filaments
to the leading-in wires with a carbon paste instead of
the electroplating method. |
| 1888 |
Electric lamp with filament coated with
an asphaltic compound improving its efficiency. |
| 1892 |
Electric lamp with bulb blown in moulds.
|
| 1900 |
Electric lamp with porcelain base instead
of resin. |
| 1901 |
Electric lamp with black glass for the
proper base insulation. |
| 1905 |
Electric lamp type GEM, using carbon
filament made in furnace. The filament consisted of two
hairpin loops connected in series to improve the lamp
efficiency. |
| 1906 |
Electric lamp using Tantalum filament,
which gave efficiency much higher than the GEM lamp. |
| 1907 |
Electric lamp using the first Tungsten
filament. Due to the brittleness of the metal, it could
not be drawn into wire. It was made using Tungsten powder
mixed with a binder forming a paste that was squirted
through a hole. |
| 1910 |
Electric lamp with new type of anchor
to support the Tungsten filament giving birth to the trade
name “MAZDA” |
| 1911 |
Electric lamp with the first continuous
drawn wire filament developed by GE research laboratories. |
| 1912 |
Electric lamp “MAZDA” with
reinforced anchor to support the drawn Tungsten wire filament. |
| 1913 |
Electric lamp “MAZDA” with
coild Tungsten filament opeating in an atmosphere with
inert gas. |
| 1914 |
Electric lamp “MAZDA C”
using a glass bulb with an extended neck to avoid its
base overheating |
| TABLE 1 - THE EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC
INCANDESCENT LAMP UP TO BEGINNING OF 1ª WW. |
|
